1 On the twenty-fourth day of this same month the Israelites assembled; they were fasting and wearing sackcloth, their heads covered with dust.

2 Those truly of Israelite descenttn Heb “the seed of Israel.” separated from all the foreigners,tn Heb “sons of a foreigner.” standing and confessing their sins and the iniquities of their ancestors.tn Heb “fathers” (also in vv. 9, 16, 23, 32, 34, 36).

3 For one-fourth of the day they stood in their place and read from the book of the law of the LORD their God, and for another fourth they were confessing their sinstn Heb “confessing.” The words “their sins” are not present in the Hebrew text of v. 3, but are clearly implied here because they are explicitly stated in v. 2. and worshiping the LORD their God.

4 Then the Levites – Jeshua, Binnui,tc Heb “Bani.” The translation reads “Binnui” (so also NAB) rather than the MT reading “Bani.” Otherwise there are two individuals with the same name in this verse. The name “Binnui” appears, for example, in Neh 10:10. Kadmiel, Shebaniah, Bunni, Sherebiah, Bani, and Kenani – stood on the steps and called out loudlytn Heb “in a great voice.” to the LORD their God.

5 The Levites – Jeshua, Kadmiel, Bani, Hashabneiah, Sherebiah, Hodiah, Shebaniah, and Pethahiah – said, “Stand up and bless the LORD your God!”

6 You alone are the LORD. You made the heavens, even the highest heavens,tn Heb “the heavens of the heavens.” along with all their multitude of stars,tn Heb “all their host.” the earth and all that is on it, the seas and all that is in them. You impart life to them all, and the multitudes of heaven worship you.

7 “You are the LORD God who chose Abram and brought him forth from Ur of the Chaldeans. You changed his name to Abraham.

8 When you perceived that his heart was faithful toward you, you established atn Heb “the” (so NAB). covenant with him to give his descendantstn Heb “seed.” the land of the Canaanites, the Hittites, the Amorites, the Perizzites, the Jebusites, and the Girgashites. You have fulfilled your promise,tn Heb “your words.” for you are righteous.

9 “You saw the affliction of our ancestors in Egypt, and you heard their cry at the Red Sea.tn Heb “the Sea of Reeds.” Traditionally this is identified as the Red Sea, and the modern designation has been used in the translation for clarity.

10 You performed awesome signstn Heb “signs and wonders.” This phrase is a hendiadys. The second noun functions adjectivally, while the first noun retains its full nominal sense: “awesome signs” or “miraculous signs.” against Pharaoh, against his servants, and against all the people of his land, for you knew that the Egyptianstn Heb “they”; the referent (the Egyptians) has been specified in the translation for clarity. had acted presumptuouslytn Or “arrogantly” (so NASB); NRSV “insolently.” against them. You made for yourself a name that is celebrated to this day.

11 You split the sea before them, and they crossed throughtn Heb “in the midst of.” the sea on dry ground! But you threw their pursuerstn Heb “those who pursued them.” into the depths, like a stone into surgingtn Heb “mighty.” waters.

12 You guided them with a pillar of cloud by day and with a pillar of fire by night to illumine for them the path they were to travel.

13 “You came down on Mount Sinai and spoke with them from heaven. You provided them with just judgments, true laws, and good statutes and commandments.

14 You made known to them your holy Sabbath; you issued commandments, statutes, and law to them throughtn Heb “by the hand of.” Moses your servant.

15 You provided bread from heaven for them in their time of hunger, and you brought forth water from the rock for them in their time of thirst. You told them to enter in order to possess the land that you had sworntn Heb “had lifted your hand.” to give them.

16 “But they – our ancestorstn Heb “and our fathers.” The vav is explicative. – behaved presumptuously; they rebelledtn Heb “they stiffened their neck” (so also in the following verse). and did not obey your commandments.

17 They refused to obey and did not recall your miracles that you had performed among them. Instead, they rebelled and appointed a leader to return to their bondage in Egypt.tc The present translation follows a few medieval Hebrew MSS and the LXX in reading בְּמִצְרָיִם (bÿmitsrayim, “in Egypt”; so also NAB, NASB, NRSV, TEV, NLT) rather than the MT reading בְּמִרְיָם (bÿmiryam, “in their rebellion”). But you are a God of forgiveness, merciful and compassionate, slow to get angry and unfailing in your loyal love.tc The translation follows the Qere reading חֶסֶד (khesed, “loyal love”) rather than the Kethib reading וְחֶסֶד (vÿkhesed, “and loyal love”) of the MT. You did not abandon them,

18 even when they made a cast image of a calf for themselves and said, ‘This is your God who brought you up from Egypt,’ or when they committed atrocioustn Heb “great.” blasphemies.

19 “Due to your great compassion you did not abandon them in the desert. The pillar of cloud did not stop guiding them in the path by day,tn Heb “did not turn from them by day to guide them in the path.” nor did the pillar of fire stop illuminating for them by night the path on which they should travel.

20 You imparted your good Spirit to instruct them. You did not withhold your manna from their mouths; you provided water for their thirst.

21 For forty years you sustained them. Even in the desert they never lacked anything. Their clothes did not wear out and their feet did not swell.

22 “You gave them kingdoms and peoples, and you allocated them to every corner of the land.tn The words “of the land” are not in the Hebrew text, but are supplied in the translation for clarity. They inherited the land of King Sihon of Heshbontc Most Hebrew MSS read “the land of Sihon and the land of the king of Heshbon.” The present translation (along with NAB, NASB, NIV, NCV, NRSV, CEV, NLT) follows the reading of one Hebrew MS, the LXX, and the Vulgate. and the land of King Og of Bashan.

23 You multiplied their descendants like the stars of the sky. You brought them to the land you had told their ancestors to enter in order to possess.

24 Their descendantstn Heb “the sons.” entered and possessed the land. You subdued before them the Canaanites who were the inhabitants of the land. You delivered them into their hand, together with their kings and the peoples of the land, to deal with as they pleased.

25 They captured fortified cities and fertile land. They took possession of houses full of all sorts of good things – wells previously dug, vineyards, olive trees, and fruit trees in abundance. They ate until they were fulltn Heb “they ate and were sated.” This expression is a hendiadys. The first verb retains its full verbal sense, while the second functions adverbially: “they ate and were filled” = “they ate until they were full.” and grew fat. They enjoyed to the full your great goodness.

26 “Nonetheless they grew disobedient and rebelled against you; they disregarded your law.tn Heb “they cast your law behind their backs.” They killed your prophets who had solemnly admonished them in order to cause them to return to you. They committed atrocious blasphemies.

27 Therefore you delivered them into the hand of their adversaries, who oppressed them. But in the time of their distress they called to you, and you heard from heaven. In your abundant compassion you provided them with deliverers to rescue them fromtn Heb “from the hand of” (so NASB, NIV); NAB “from the power of.” their adversaries.

28 “Then, when they were at rest again, they went back to doing evil before you. Then you abandoned them totn Heb “in the hand of” (so KJV, ASV); NAB “to the power of.” their enemies, and they gained dominion over them. When they again cried out to you, in your compassion you heard from heaven and rescued them time and again.

29 And you solemnly admonished them in order to return them to your law, but they behaved presumptuously and did not obey your commandments. They sinned against your ordinances – those by which an individual, if he obeys them,tn Heb “if a man keep.” See note on the word “obey” in Neh 1:5. will live. They boldly turned from you;tn Heb “they gave a stubborn shoulder.” they rebelledtn Heb “they stiffened their neck.” and did not obey.

30 You prolonged your kindnesstn The Hebrew expression here is elliptical. The words “your kindness” are not included in the Hebrew text, but have been supplied in the translation for clarity. with them for many years, and you solemnly admonished them by your Spirit through your prophets. Still they paid no attention,tn Heb “did not give ear to.” so you delivered them into the hands of the neighboring peoples.tn Heb “the peoples of the lands.”

31 However, due to your abundant mercy you did not do away with them altogether; you did not abandon them. For you are a merciful and compassionate God.

32 “So now, our God – the great, powerful, and awesome God, who keeps covenant fidelitytn Heb “the covenant and loyal love.” The expression is a hendiadys. The second noun retains its full nominal sense, while the first functions adjectivally: “the covenant and loyalty” = covenant fidelity. – do not regard as inconsequentialtn Heb “do not let it seem small in your sight.” all the hardship that has befallen us – our kings, our leaders, our priests, our prophets, our ancestors, and all your people – from the days of the kings of Assyria until this very day!

33 You are righteous with regard to all that has happened to us, for you have acted faithfully.tn Heb “you have done truth.” It is we who have been in the wrong!

34 Our kings, our leaders, our priests, and our ancestors have not kept your law. They have not paid attention to your commandments or your testimonies by which you have solemnly admonished them.

35 Even when they were in their kingdom and benefiting from your incredibletn Heb “great.” goodness that you had lavishedtn Heb “given them.” on them in the spacious and fertile land you had settn Heb “given.” before them, they did not serve you, nor did they turn from their evil practices.

36 “So today we are slaves! In the very land you gave to our ancestors to eat its fruit and to enjoytn The expression “to enjoy” is not included in the Hebrew text, but has been supplied in the translation for clarity. its good things – we are slaves!

37 Its abundant produce goes to the kings you have placed over us due to our sins. They rule over our bodies and our livestock as they see fit,tn Heb “according to their desire.” and we are in great distress!

38 (10:1)sn Beginning with 9:38, the verse numbers through 10:39 in the English Bible differ from the verse numbers in the Hebrew text (BHS), with 9:38 ET = 10:1 HT, 10:1 ET = 10:2 HT, 10:2 ET = 10:3 HT, etc., through 10:39 ET = 10:40 HT. Beginning with 11:1 the verse numbers in the ET and HT are again the same. “Because of all of this we are entering into a binding covenanttn Heb “we are cutting.” in written form;tn Heb “and writing.” our leaders, our Levites, and our priests have affixed their namestn Heb “our leaders, our Levites, and our priests on the sealed document.” The Hebrew text is elliptical here; the words “have affixed their names” are supplied in the translation for clarity and for stylistic reasons. Cf. v. 2. on the sealed document.”